Table of Contents
FOREWORD
CHAPTER ONE: CONTROLLED-RELEASE TECHNOLOGIES: ESTABLISHED AND EMERGING MARKETS (MST027H)
INTRODUCTION
STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
INTENDED AUDIENCE
SCOPE OF REPORT
METHODOLOGY
INFORMATION SOURCES
ANALYST’S CREDENTIALS
RELATED BCC PUBLICATIONS
BCC ONLINE SERVICES
DISCLAIMER
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
TABLE 1 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CONTROLLEDRELEASE BARRIER MATERIALS BY ECONOMIC REGION, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 1 GLOBAL MARKET FOR CONTROLLED-RELEASE BARRIER MATERIALS BY ECONOMIC REGION, 2008-2015 ($ MILLIONS)
OVERVIEW OF CONTROLLED-RELEASE TECHNOLOGIES
ESTABLISHED AND EMERGING APPLICATIONS
TABLE 2 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS FOR ACTIVE AGENTS AND BARRIER MATERIALS IN AREAS OTHER THAN AGRICULTURE AND HEALTHCARE
ACTIVE AGENTS
TABLE 3 COMMONLY USED ACTIVE AGENTS
TABLE 4 ACTIVE AGENTS SUITABLE FOR MICROENCAPSULATION
BARRIER MATERIALS
COATINGS
ENCAPSULATION
COATINGS AND ENCAPSULATION
THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR CONTROLLED-RELEASE TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER TWO: THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR MEMBRANE MICROFILTRATION (MST028D)
INTRODUCTION
STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
INTENDED AUDIENCE
SCOPE OF REPORT
METHODOLOGY
INFORMATION SOURCES
ANALYST CREDENTIALS
RELATED PUBLICATIONS
SUMMARY
TABLE 5 VALUE OF THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR MF MEMBRANES, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 2 VALUE OF THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR MF MEMBRANES, 1990-2015 ($ MILLIONS)
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE MEMBRANE INDUSTRY
TABLE 6 A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEMBRANE DEVELOPMENT
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY
MATERIALS
Cellulosics
Polypropylene
Polysulfones
Fluorinated Polymers
Polyamides
Ceramics
Stainless Steel
Selecting Materials for MF Membranes
MANUFACTURING METHODS
Phase Separation
Track Etching
Stretching
Sintering
STRUCTURE
MODULES
Configuration
Plate and Frame
Tubular
Spiral Wound
Hollow Fiber
Pleated Sheet
FOULING
PRICING
TABLE 7 MEMBRANE COST BY CONFIGURATION ($/M2)
FILTRATION MODES
Direct-Flow Filtration
Cross-flow Filtration
MF
APPLICATIONS
TABLE 8 APPLICATIONS FOR MF MEMBRANES
TABLE 9 GLOBAL MF MEMBRANE MARKET SHARE BY APPLICATION, 2010 (%)
FIGURE 3 GLOBAL MF MEMBRANE MARKET SHARE BY APPLICATION, 2010 (%)
TABLE 10 GLOBAL VALUE OF THE MF MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 4 GLOBAL VALUE OF THE MARKET FOR MF MEMBRANES BY APPLICATION, 1990-2015 ($ MILLIONS)
MUNICIPAL DRINKING WATER
WATER AVAILABILITY AND USAGE IN THE U.S.
TABLE 11 WATER DISTRIBUTION IN THE U.S. BY SECTOR (BILLION GPD/%)
FIGURE 5 WATER DISTRIBUTION IN THE U.S. BY SECTOR (%)
WATER USE IN THE REST OF THE WORLD
TABLE 12 GLOBAL WATER DISTRIBUTION BY SECTOR (%)
CHAPTER THREE: MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY FOR LIQUID AND GAS SEPARATIONS (MST041E)
INTRODUCTION
STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
INTENDED AUDIENCE
SCOPE OF REPORT
INFORMATION SOURCES
ANALYST CREDENTIALS
RELATED BCC PUBLICATIONS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
TABLE 13 VALUE OF THE U.S. MARKET FOR MEMBRANE MODULES USED IN GAS AND LIQUID SEPARATIONS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 6 PROJECTED VALUE OF THE U.S. MARKET FOR MEMBRANE MODULES USED IN GAS AND LIQUID SEPARATIONS, 2002-2015 ($ MILLIONS)
HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY
TABLE 14 A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEMBRANE DEVELOPMENT
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY
MEMBRANE MATERIALS
Cellulosics
Polycarbonates
Polysulfones
Fluorinated Polymers
Polyamides
Inorganics
Ceramic
Metal
Stainless Steel
Palladium
Carbon
Carbon Nanotubes
Zeolite and Other Novel Inorganic Membranes
Mixed Matrix Materials
MODULES
CONFIGURATION
Plate and Frame
Tubular Membranes
Spiral-wound Membranes
Hollow-fiber Membranes
MOLECULAR WEIGHT CUTOFF
FLUX
FOULING
METHODS OF FILTRATION
DIRECT-FLOW FILTRATION
CROSSFLOW FILTRATION
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY TYPES
REVERSE OSMOSIS
Applications
TABLE 15 APPLICATIONS FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES
Manufacturers
TABLE 16 MANUFACTURERS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES
Trends and Technical Developments
Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposites
Carbon Nanotube Membranes
Boron Nitride Nanotube Membranes
Aquaporins
Oxidant-resistant Membranes
Chlorine-tolerant Materials
Forward Osmosis
Pressure-retarded Osmosis
Concentrate Management, Reuse, Mining
Beneficial Brine Reuse
Concentrate Minimization
Zero Liquid Discharge
Recovery, Resale of Salts in Desalination Brine
NANOFILTRATION
Applications
TABLE 17 APPLICATIONS FOR NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES
Manufacturers
TABLE 18 MANUFACTURERS OF NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES
Trends and Technical Developments
The Long Beach Method
ULTRAFILTRATION
Applications
TABLE 19 APPLICATIONS FOR ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANES
Manufacturers
TABLE 20 MANUFACTURERS OF ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANES
Trends and Technical Developments
Fouling Resistant Membranes for Oil Industry Wastewater Treatment
Reducing the Fat Content of Breaded Fried Foods
MICROFILTRATION
Applications
TABLE 21 APPLICATIONS FOR MICROFILTRATION MEMBRANES
CHAPTER FOUR: ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANES: TECHNOLOGIES AND THE U.S. MARKET (MST044C)
INTRODUCTION
STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
INTENDED AUDIENCE
SCOPE OF REPORT
METHODOLOGY
INFORMATION SOURCES
ANALYST CREDENTIALS
RELATED BCC PUBLICATIONS
SUMMARY
TABLE 22 VALUE OF U.S. MARKET FOR UF MEMBRANES, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 7 VALUE OF U.S. MARKET FOR UF MEMBRANES, 2000-2015 ($ MILLIONS)
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY
ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANE SPECIFICATIONS
RETAINED FEEDSTREAM COMPONENTS
UF MEMBRANE MATERIALS, MANUFACTURING
COMPARISON OF MEMBRANE PROCESSES
TABLE 23 COMPARATIVE PARAMETERS OF MEMBRANE PROCESSES
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE MEMBRANE INDUSTRY
TABLE 24 A HISTORY OF UF MEMBRANES
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
STAYING COMPETITIVE
ACQUISITIONS
TABLE 25 MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS, 1995-2010
PRODUCT MIX
BARRIERS TO GROWTH
INDUSTRY PLAYERS
GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS
GROWTH THROUGH ACQUISITION
THE DIALYSIS INDUSTRY
MAJOR UF MEMBRANE MANUFACTURERS
TABLE 26 PRIMARY PLAYERS, ANNUAL REVENUES, AND ESTIMATED MARKET SHARE, 2010 ($ MILLIONS/%)
TABLE 26 (CONTINUED)
FIGURE 8 PRIMARY PLAYERS AND SHARE OF THE UF MARKET, 2010 (%)
DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS
UPSTREAM SUPPLIERS
MARKETING AND SALES
CUSTOMERS
Downstream Manufacturing Customers
Distributors or Partnership-Type Customers
Health Care Customers
Government Clients
PRICING
TABLE 27 MEMBRANE COST BY CONFIGURATION
CHAPTER FIVE: SEAWATER AND BRACKISH WATER DESALINATION (MST052B)
INTRODUCTION
STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
INTENDED AUDIENCE
SCOPE OF REPORT
INFORMATION SOURCES
ANALYST CREDENTIALS
RELATED BCC PUBLICATIONS
SUMMARY
TABLE 28 GLOBAL MARKET FOR SEAWATER AND BRACKISH WATER DESALINATION PLANTS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 9 GLOBAL MARKET FOR SEAWATER AND BRACKISH WATER DESALINATION PLANTS, 2000-2015 ($ MILLIONS)
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
WATER QUALITY
SAFE DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
WATER QUANTITY
WATER SALINITY
TABLE 29 WATER SALINITY AND SUITABILITY FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (MG/L)
TABLE 30 SALT CONCENTRATIONS OF VARIOUS GLOBAL WATERS (PPM)
TABLE 31 WATER HARDNESS
SOURCE WATERS USED FOR DESALINATION
TABLE 32 TOTAL WORLD DESALINATION CAPACITY BY SOURCE WATER TYPE, 2010 (%)
FIGURE 10 TOTAL WORLD DESALINATION CAPACITY BY SOURCE WATER TYPE (%)
DESALTED WATER END USES
TABLE 33 GLOBAL DESALTED WATER END USES AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CAPACITY (%)
FIGURE 11 GLOBAL DESALTED WATER END USES AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CAPACITY (%)
DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES
BRIEF HISTORY OF DESALINATION
FIGURE 12 DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES
THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES
COMPARISON OF THERMAL AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES
TABLE 34 COMPARISON OF PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS
COMPARATIVE COSTS OF DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES
TABLE 35 GLOBAL COMPARATIVE COSTS OF THERMAL AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES ($/M3)
GLOBAL DESALINATION INSTALLATIONS
TABLE 36 GLOBAL INSTALLATIONS BY NUMBER OF PLANTS AND CAPACITY, 1945-2009 (M3/D)
FIGURE 13 GLOBAL INSTALLATIONS BY CAPACITY, 1945-2009 (M3)
TABLE 37 LARGEST DESALINATION PLANTS BY CAPACITY, COMMISSIONED OR CONTRACTED, JULY 2010
TABLE 38 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 2010 (%)
FIGURE 14 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 2010 (%)
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES
REVERSE OSMOSIS
TABLE 39 MEMBRANE MANUFACTURERS AND PRODUCT TYPES
NANOFILTRATION
ELECTRODIALYSIS
COST OF TECHNOLOGIES
Capital Costs
TABLE 40 GLOBAL CAPITAL COSTS OF MEMBRANE DESALINATION BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE AND PLANT SIZE (AVG. $/GAL.)
Operating Costs
TABLE 41 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING BRACKISH WATER WITH RO (%)
FIGURE 15 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING BACKISH WATER WITH RO (%)
TABLE 42 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING SEAWATER WITH RO (%)
FIGURE 16 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING SEAWATER WITH RO (%)
Cost Trends
TABLE 43 GLOBAL COST TRENDS FOR MEMBRANE DESALINATION, INCLUDING DEBT SERVICE AND OPERATING EXPENSES, 1980-2010 ($/1,000 GALS)
FIGURE 17 GLOBAL COST TRENDS FOR MEMBRANE DESALINATION, INCLUDING DEBT SERVICE AND OPERATING EXPENSES, 1980-2010 ($/1,000 GALS)
TABLE 44 SEAWATER ELEMENT COST, 1978-2005 ($/1,000 GALS)
FIGURE 18 SEAWATER ELEMENT COST, 1978-2005 ($/1,000 GALS)
TABLE 45 GLOBAL SEAWATER DESALINATION COST REDUCTIONS
FIGURE 19 GLOBAL SEAWATER DESALINATION COST REDUCTIONS ($/1,000 GALS. (3.8 M3))
MARKET SHARE
TABLE 46 GLOBAL MEMBRANE MANUFACTURER MARKET SHARES, 2009 (%)
FIGURE 20 GLOBAL MEMBRANE MANUFACTURER MARKET SHARES, 2010 (%)
MARKET VALUE BY MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY TYPE
TABLE 47 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 21 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 2000-2015 ($ MILLIONS)
THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES
MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION
Cost
TABLE 48 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATED WATER PRODUCTION WITH MSF (%)
FIGURE 22 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATED WATER PRODUCTION WITH MSF (%)
TABLE 49 GLOBAL MSF DESALINATION COST TRENDS, 1955-2010 ($/GAL)
FIGURE 23 GLOBAL MSF DESALINATION COST TRENDS, 1955-2010 ($/GAL)
MULTI-EFFECT DISTILLATION
Cost
TABLE 50 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATED WATER PRODUCTION WITH MED (%)
FIGURE 24 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATED WATER PRODUCTION WITH MED (%)
VAPOR COMPRESSION
MARKET VALUE BY THERMAL TECHNOLOGY TYPE
TABLE 51 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY THERMAL TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 25 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY THERMAL TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 2000-2015 ($ MILLIONS)
OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
CRYSTALLIZATION
Freezing
Gas Hydrate Processes
Membrane Distillation
Memstill
SOLAR HUMIDIFICATION
FLOW-THROUGH CAPACITOR
ION EXCHANGE
MARKET VALUE OF OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
TABLE 52 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 26 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER TECHNOLOGIES, 2000-2015 ($ MILLIONS)
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CONTROLLED-RELEASE
BARRIER MATERIALS BY ECONOMIC REGION, THROUGH 2015 ($
MILLIONS)
TABLE 2 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS FOR ACTIVE AGENTS AND
BARRIER MATERIALS IN AREAS OTHER THAN AGRICULTURE AND
HEALTHCARE
TABLE 3 COMMONLY USED ACTIVE AGENTS
TABLE 4 ACTIVE AGENTS SUITABLE FOR MICROENCAPSULATION
TABLE 5 VALUE OF THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR MF MEMBRANES,
THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 6 A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEMBRANE DEVELOPMENT
TABLE 7 MEMBRANE COST BY CONFIGURATION ($/M2)
TABLE 8 APPLICATIONS FOR MF MEMBRANES
TABLE 9 GLOBAL MF MEMBRANE MARKET SHARE BY
APPLICATION, 2010 (%)
TABLE 10 GLOBAL VALUE OF THE MF MARKET BY APPLICATION,
THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 11 WATER DISTRIBUTION IN THE U.S. BY SECTOR (BILLION
GPD/%)
TABLE 12 GLOBAL WATER DISTRIBUTION BY SECTOR (%)
TABLE 13 VALUE OF THE U.S. MARKET FOR MEMBRANE MODULES
USED IN GAS AND LIQUID SEPARATIONS, THROUGH 2015 ($
MILLIONS)
TABLE 14 A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEMBRANE DEVELOPMENT
TABLE 15 APPLICATIONS FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES
TABLE 16 MANUFACTURERS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES
TABLE 17 APPLICATIONS FOR NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES
TABLE 18 MANUFACTURERS OF NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES
TABLE 19 APPLICATIONS FOR ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANES
TABLE 20 MANUFACTURERS OF ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANES
TABLE 21 APPLICATIONS FOR MICROFILTRATION MEMBRANES
TABLE 22 VALUE OF U.S. MARKET FOR UF MEMBRANES, THROUGH
2015 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 23 COMPARATIVE PARAMETERS OF MEMBRANE PROCESSES
TABLE 24 A HISTORY OF UF MEMBRANES
TABLE 25 MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS, 1995-2010
TABLE 26 PRIMARY PLAYERS, ANNUAL REVENUES, AND
ESTIMATED MARKET SHARE, 2010 ($ MILLIONS/%)
TABLE 27 MEMBRANE COST BY CONFIGURATION
TABLE 28 GLOBAL MARKET FOR SEAWATER AND BRACKISH WATER
DESALINATION PLANTS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 29 WATER SALINITY AND SUITABILITY FOR HUMAN
CONSUMPTION (MG/L)
TABLE 30 SALT CONCENTRATIONS OF VARIOUS GLOBAL WATERS
(PPM)
TABLE 31 WATER HARDNESS
TABLE 32 TOTAL WORLD DESALINATION CAPACITY BY SOURCE
WATER TYPE, 2010 (%)
TABLE 33 GLOBAL DESALTED WATER END USES AS A PERCENTAGE
OF TOTAL CAPACITY (%)
TABLE 34 COMPARISON OF PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS
TABLE 35 GLOBAL COMPARATIVE COSTS OF THERMAL AND
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES ($/M3)
TABLE 36 GLOBAL INSTALLATIONS BY NUMBER OF PLANTS AND
CAPACITY, 1945-2009 (M3/D)
TABLE 37 LARGEST DESALINATION PLANTS BY CAPACITY,
COMMISSIONED OR CONTRACTED, JULY 2010
TABLE 38 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 2010 (%) ..... 127
TABLE 39 MEMBRANE MANUFACTURERS AND PRODUCT TYPES
TABLE 40 GLOBAL CAPITAL COSTS OF MEMBRANE DESALINATION
BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE AND PLANT SIZE (AVG. $/GAL.)
TABLE 41 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING BRACKISH WATER
WITH RO (%)
TABLE 42 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING SEAWATER WITH
RO (%)
TABLE 43 GLOBAL COST TRENDS FOR MEMBRANE DESALINATION,
INCLUDING DEBT SERVICE AND OPERATING EXPENSES, 1980-
2010 ($/1,000 GALS)
TABLE 44 SEAWATER ELEMENT COST, 1978-2005 ($/1,000 GALS)
TABLE 45 GLOBAL SEAWATER DESALINATION COST REDUCTIONS
TABLE 46 GLOBAL MEMBRANE MANUFACTURER MARKET SHARES,
2009 (%)
TABLE 47 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY MEMBRANE
TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 48 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATED WATER
PRODUCTION WITH MSF (%)
TABLE 49 GLOBAL MSF DESALINATION COST TRENDS, 1955-2010
($/GAL)
TABLE 50 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATED WATER
PRODUCTION WITH MED (%)
TABLE 51 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY THERMAL TECHNOLOGY
TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 52 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER
TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 GLOBAL MARKET FOR CONTROLLED-RELEASE BARRIER
MATERIALS BY ECONOMIC REGION, 2008-2015 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 2 VALUE OF THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR MF MEMBRANES,
1990-2015 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 3 GLOBAL MF MEMBRANE MARKET SHARE BY
APPLICATION, 2010 (%)
FIGURE 4 GLOBAL VALUE OF THE MARKET FOR MF MEMBRANES
BY APPLICATION, 1990-2015 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 5 WATER DISTRIBUTION IN THE U.S. BY SECTOR (%)
FIGURE 6 PROJECTED VALUE OF THE U.S. MARKET FOR
MEMBRANE MODULES USED IN GAS AND LIQUID SEPARATIONS,
2002-2015 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 7 VALUE OF U.S. MARKET FOR UF MEMBRANES, 2000-2015
($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 8 PRIMARY PLAYERS AND SHARE OF THE UF MARKET, 2010
(%)
FIGURE 9 GLOBAL MARKET FOR SEAWATER AND BRACKISH WATER
DESALINATION PLANTS, 2000-2015 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 10 TOTAL WORLD DESALINATION CAPACITY BY SOURCE
WATER TYPE (%)
FIGURE 11 GLOBAL DESALTED WATER END USES AS A
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CAPACITY (%)
FIGURE 12 DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES
FIGURE 13 GLOBAL INSTALLATIONS BY CAPACITY, 1945-2009 (M3)
FIGURE 14 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 2010
(%)
FIGURE 15 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING BACKISH WATER
WITH RO (%)
FIGURE 16 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING SEAWATER WITH
RO (%)
FIGURE 17 GLOBAL COST TRENDS FOR MEMBRANE DESALINATION,
INCLUDING DEBT SERVICE AND OPERATING EXPENSES, 1980-
2010 ($/1,000 GALS)
FIGURE 18 SEAWATER ELEMENT COST, 1978-2005 ($/1,000 GALS)
FIGURE 19 GLOBAL SEAWATER DESALINATION COST REDUCTIONS
($/1,000 GALS. (3.8 M3))
FIGURE 20 GLOBAL MEMBRANE MANUFACTURER MARKET SHARES,
2010 (%)
FIGURE 21 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY MEMBRANE
TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 2000-2015 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 22 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATED WATER
PRODUCTION WITH MSF (%)
FIGURE 23 GLOBAL MSF DESALINATION COST TRENDS, 1955-2010
($/GAL)
FIGURE 24 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATED WATER
PRODUCTION WITH MED (%)
FIGURE 25 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY THERMAL
TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 2000-2015 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 26 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER
TECHNOLOGIES, 2000-2015 ($ MILLIONS)